Passing callback to animation function?

Question

I have the following class that animates a 'fade to black' effect:

#pragma once
#include <SDL.h>

class Renderer {
public:
    explicit Renderer(SDL_Renderer *renderer) : renderer(renderer) {}

    void Update(double deltaTime) {
        this->dt = deltaTime;
    };

    void Render() {
        if (fadeout) {
            fadeValue += secondeSteps*dt;

            if (fadeValue > 255) {
                fadeValue = 255;
                fadeout = false;
                //callback?
            }
            SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(renderer, 0,0,0, (int)fadeValue);
            SDL_RenderFillRect(renderer, &screen);
        }
    };

    void FadeOut(SDL_Rect rect, int duration = 1500) {
        fadeout = true;
        secondeSteps = (255.0f/duration)*1000; // opacity change per seconde
        screen = rect;
    }

private:
    float fadeValue {};
    float secondeSteps{};
    bool fadeout = false;
    SDL_Rect screen;
    double dt; 
    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
};

It is run every frame until a desired value is reached, and then a flag is set to indicate we are done (fadeout = false;).

But what I would like is to pass a callback, so that after the effect is done, something like a GameState is changed to a new value, like this:

gameRenderer->FadeOut(SDL_Rect{0,0,windowWidth,windowHeight}, GameState::STATE_LOAD);

Right now, the Renderer class is a unique_ptr inside my Game class, but has no knowledge of the Game object itself.

I've seen many suggestions about using Lambdas or passing function pointers, but I'm not sure what to pick, and what is the most modern solution for,say, c++ compiler 20. There's also async (https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/async) functions, could that be useful in this scenario here as well?

Or maybe it's just as easy as passing the current instance of my Game to the Renderer class? That seems kind of messy.

Would gladly hear some suggestions about how to approach this.

Answer 1

I found a solution that works, using Lambda functions..if anybody can add some additional background as to what is happening, or has a better solution, I'll pick that as the answer.

Adding argument to the FadeOut:

bool FadeOut(SDL_Rect rect, const std::function<void()> &f, int duration = 1500) {

Calling the FadeOut with a Lambda:

gameRenderer->FadeOut
    (SDL_Rect{0,0,windowWidth,windowHeight},
    // less_than
     [&]() {
         ChangeState(GameState::STATE_LOAD);
     }
);