What does 2D have in common with 3D? Not much. 2D is either a flat world or a faked 3D that, while having a visual appearance somewhat resembling 3D, has very different code from true 3D.
Even for the stuff that they have in common, such as collision detection, how hard is it to extend the code into 3D? Pretty easy.
Simply put, learning 2D won't help you as much as you might think in your journey to learn 3D game or engine design. They have little in common, and for what they do have in common, 2D isn't really an easy "stepping stone" to get you up to 3D.
As David Lively suggested, you might want to start out with a very basic 2D game such as Pong, but don't think that you'll have to recreate Final Fantasy, Super Mario Brothers, Zelda, etc. before you can move on to tackling 3D. Even introductory work such as this is not for the purpose of acquiring lots of 2D experience, but rather for the purpose of making everything as simple as possible so that you can see basic concepts & methods (collision detection, getting the graphics library initialized, etc.,) which have as much to do with 3D as they do with 2D, as quickly as possible so that you can move on to the next step. The next step might be creating a "New/Save/Load/Exit" menu, which you'll once again make as simple as possible, and then you just keep adding stuff (+1 dimension to movement, models, and collision detection, then jumping, anti-aliasing, mipmapping, shadows, reflections, particles, liquids, etc.) until there's nothing more to add, and then you go back and make it fancy, filling it with content.
Let's just put it this way, though. After learning some theory in a college course about game design, we were tasked with making a 3D engine. I made it in about a week. It drew 3D objects, cast shadows, drew textures, did mipmapping, detected collisions, allowed you to jump, and brought up a menu if you right-clicked or hit {ENTER} or {ESC}.
The time-consuming part is making it fancy... whether it be fine-tuning the engine or making models/textures/animations, game content, etc.